R

Radical Reconstruction- (1866-77 ) also known as Republican Reconsruction of the South; the South was divided into 5 military districts ruled over by a military govenor.

rapprochment- renewal of friendly relations; Gerald Ford's reestablishment of friendly relations; Gerald Ford's reestablishment of friendly relations with China in the nid-1970s.

rationing- practice of distributing something in limited amounts; during World War II, U.S. government issued coupons to limit the number of items a person could buy, thus reducing demand for scarce goods.

recall- procedure that allows voters to remove an official from office before his or her term is over.

recession- a period of temporary decline in business activity, shorter and less extreme than a depression.

reclamation- restoration to productivity of dry lands through irrigation; 1902 National reclamation Act began reclamation to help farmers.

reconcentration- policy instituted by Spanish government in Cuba in 1896 under which civilian popultaionwas herded into fortified towns.

Recovery- one of the types of programs designed to help end the Great Depression; often designed to help aid in economic recovery.

redistribution of income- use of taxes and transfer payments to shift income from one group to provide financial assistance to another.

Red Scare- begining in 1919 concern that the formation of communist parties in the U.S. might lead to violent radical change.

referendum- process that allows citizens to vote on a proposed law or through petition, to submit an exsisting law to a vote.

reform- one of the types of programs designed to help end the Great Depression; often denoted a complete break from the past in terms of how things were done; See Social Security; a radical change in economic or social organizations.

Relief- one of the types of programs designed to help end the Great Depression; temporary measures

Renaissance- the great revival of art and learning in Europe between 1250 and 1600.

reparations- payments made by a defeated country for the damges it caused during a war.

Republican Reconstruction- during the civil War, strongest supporters of the War, who believed that slavery should be abolished , African Americans should have civil rights, and the south should be treated harshly.

reservations- areas of land set aside by the U.S. government for Indian tribes

reserved powers- any power not specificaly assigned or denied by the Constitution.

revenue sharing- program launched by Nixon where federal government returns portion of tax receipts to state and local governments.

Revivalism-the tendency to revive that which belongs to the past; a return to old time religious values.

Rock n' Roll- name coined by Allan Freed, Midwestern DJ, to describe music which originated in the 1950's'; combined elemements of blues and country western. See Elvis Presely, Little Richard and Jerry L. Lewis.

Rockerfeller, J.D- Often called a Robber Barron, his monoplolistic control of oil industry, in early twentieth century America, led to a series of laws which attempted to control some of the worst aspects of the Industrial Revolution.

Roe v. Wade- Supreme Court decision in 1973 that made abortion legal.

Roosevelt Corollary- an addition to the Monroe doctrine that gave the U.S the international policing duties of the Western hemisphere.

Roosevelt, Eleanor- Civil Rights Activists; wife of FDR

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (FDR)- American President who inherited the Great Depression from president Hoover; president during WW II; three term president; often considered the president who did the most towards ending Lassiz Faire and pushing the Federal government towards providing a federal safety net for those in need.

Rothenstien, Authur-American photographer; documentation of the Great Depression

Rough Riders- a calvary regiment headed my teddy roosevelt that participated in Spanish american war in 1898.

(RAF) Royal Air force- Brittish air force.

royal colony- colony ruled directly by the crown according to laws of England.

rugged individulism- the belief that one should not ask for help or aid but rather depend on themselves. this belief coinsides with the belief for smaller government.

rural- Pertaining to the country, as distringished from a city or town; pertaining to country life or people

Russian Revolution- 1917 the demise of Tzartist Russia and the birth of the Soviet Union; the beginnings of Communism in the Soviet Union.

Russo-Japanese War- war between russia and JaPAN IN 1904 OVER MANCHURIA AND KOREA; JAPAN WON AND WAS GIVEN KOREA AND PRINCIPAL RUSSIAN HOLDINGS IN MANCHURIA.

S

Sacco- Vanzetti case- the arrest, trial and subsequent execution of two Itallian immigrants suspected of taking part in an armed roberry in Massachusetts.

Safety Net- a series of acts, oganizations and agencies in part created during the New Deal, to help administer food, monies or other essential help to those in need.

SALT I- first strategic arms limitation on number type and deployment of intercontinental ballistic weapons; part of President Nixon's detente with Soviet Union; ratified by Senate in 1972.

SALT II- second strategic arms limitation treaty; limited number, type, and deployment of intercontinental ballistic missles, keystone of President Carter's Soviet Policy.

Sandinistas- left wing Nicaraguan guerillas who came to power in 1979; supported by President Carter; President Regan stopped all U.S. support to the countries because Sandinistas were believed to support other revolutionary groups.

satellite- countries nominally independent but actually controlled by a more powerful country.

scalawags- name given white southerners who cooperated with Radical Republicans during reconstruction and were denounced as traitors to their race and their region.

scientific management- business approach that focused on efficency and speed, advocated by Fredrick Taylor in 1920s; using principles of scientific management, Taylor streamlined methods of mass production.

Scopes trial- trial in 1925 in which a Tennessee school teacher was charged with breaking a Tennese law that banned the teaching of evolution; became a test cast for ACLU to challenge fundementalists of the time; scopes defense team led by Clarence Darrow;Scopes convicted and fined $100 but Tennessee Supreme Court set aside conviction; known as monkey trial.

Scottsboro case- case that symbolized race relations in Depression era; in March 1931, nine African American teenagers arrested in Scottsboro,Alabama for rape of two white women; eight were convictedand sentenced to death by an all white jury despite lack of evidence in 1933, Supreme Court overturned original convictions

script-local monetary unit (good at stores owned by a company only); often used to pay workers instead of cash

SDS- Students for a Democratic Society; gained prominence in Berkely Free Speech Movement and in the Democratic National Converntion, held in Chicago in 1968.

sea dogs- English sailors who plundered Spanish ships in 16th century.

Second New Deal- part of President Roosevelt's vast legislation after 1935 in part a response to critics from the right and left; expanded programs, in particular social welfare programs

Second Red Scare- also known as McCarthyism, after Senator Joseph McCarthy of Winsonsin; part of the Cold War

Securities and Exchange commision- created by congress in 1934 to administer Securities act that required any company selling stock to fully inform investors of all company financial information.

segregated- separate, see Jim Crow legislation and Plessy v. Ferguson

self-determination- right of people of a country to choose their own leaders in free elections.

separate but equal doctrine- legal segration; the court rule ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that as long as the facilties were equal then segregation based on race was legal; doctrine overturned by Brown v. Board of Education

seperation of powers- in the U.S. government the division of powerts among the legislative,judicial and executive branches.

Separtists- most radical Puritain groups that seperated themselves totally from the Anglican church.

settlement house- neighborhood community center set up to help the needy; established by the settlement movement's new approach for urban reforms.

Seventeenth amendment- amendment that allowed for direct election of Senators instead of election by state legislatures.

sharecropping- economic system developed in the South after the civil war where a family would make a contract with a landowner and pay the lease with a portion of the crops raised that season.

Shays' rebellion- revolt led by angry farmers who were upset over increased taxes imposed by state governments.

Sherman Antitrust act- a law passed by congress in 1890 that outlawed monopolies and banned trusts or conpiracy that effect trade.

Silent Majority- group known as a middle America, the middle class targeted by president Nixon in his 1968 campaign for presidency.

Silent Spring, The - classic work by Rachel Carson warning of the dangers of DDT and other harmfull pesticides

Sinclair, Upton- his indictment of the Meatpacking industry, in his 1907 novel, The Jungle, helped lead to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act as well as the Pure Food and Drug Act; a Muckraker who once said "I aimed at their hearts and hit their stomachs."

sit-in- protest demonstration tactic in 1960’s in which African Americans and whites sat at segregated lunch counters and refused to move until African Americans were served.

Sixteenth Amendment- amendment that gave the federal government the power for income tax.

Smith Act

SNCC- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; practiced "group centered" leadership instead of leader centered groups; Civil Rights organization led by students.

social contract- new theory of government in England in 1700s in which ruler protected property and lives of the people, in turn people were obligated to pay taxes, be loyal and obey laws.

Social Darwinism- philosopher Herbert Spencer's doctrine drawn form Darwins biological concepts; Spencer wrote a process similar to Darwins "natural selection" phiulosophy.

Socialism-a theory or method of social organization and governement wherby the citizenry jointly own the means of production adn distribution and the power of administrative control is vested (given) to the state.

Socialist Party in America- Political party created by Eugene Debs; believed in replacing capitalism with public ownership of means of production; believed a change to the system could only be accomplished by a change in the ballot.

socialized medicine- providing medical care and hospital services for all people either free or at minimal costs through government subsidation.

Social Security Act of 1935- a law passed to give old age assistance to people who have worked and are over age 65 in the form of monthly pension checks.

Social Security Administration- organization responsible for implementing Social Security

Social Security trust fund- money commited to funding the Social Securities act.

Solidarity- Polish independent labor union that succeded in breking Communist party's monoploy on power.

Southern Christian leadership confrence- organization formed by Martin Luther King and others in 1957, to campaign for civil rights for African Americans in the U.S.

Spanish-American War (1892) this four month war with Spain, where more Americans died by disease than by the bullet, brought American power into the Twentieth Century. Territories gained; Cuba, the Philippines, Gaum.

Spanish Armada- fleet of Spanish ships sent to invade England in 1588 to destroy the English Navy.

speakeasies - secret places where alcholic drinks were sold contrary to Prohibition laws.

spheres of influence- areas of china divide among Economic and politically controlled by European countries.

Spitfire- fighter plane used during World War II by the Brittish air force.

Spock, Dr, Benjamin- pediatrician; writer of the best selling work, Baby and Child Care; advised government to pay mothers so they could stay at home to raise their children; only the bible outsold his work during the 1950's.

Sputnik- first artificial sattelite to orbit the earth launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.

stagflation- economic situation combining business slowdown or stagnation.

Stalingrad-Soviet city; during WW II the Soviet Union lost up to one million lives in defense of this city; many consider the German's lack of advancement past Stalingrad the turning point of the eastern front.

Stamp Act- measure passed by Parliament in 1765 that put a direct tax on ordinary goods and services used by colonists.

Steffens, Linclon- a Progressive journalist; a Muckraker probably best known for his Shame of the Cities, which revealed that corrupt bankers and corporations bought their own laws in St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Philidelphia, Chicago, New York and Minneapolis.

StereoType- To generalize about a whole group of people. For example, "all people who ware glasses are geeks."

Stimson Doctrine- denying diplomatic recognition to any territory taken over by force.

Stock-Market Crash- one of the causes of the Great Depression

Strategic Defense Initiative- Presidnet Regans policy for a protective laser shield over the U.S in Space to protect the country from Soviet Union's nuclear weapons.

Strong, Josiah- a Congregationalists minister, and ardent expansionist who argued that Christians had a speical obligation to take care of pagan, non Christians; His influecial work Our Country, was often used as a justification of America's expanisonist policies at the turn of the Twentieth century

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commission- civil right organization created by Ella Baker and others. Concentrated on group centered leadership instead of leader centered.

Students for a democratic society- a group formed in 1962 by Tom Hayden to combat racism and nuclear war.

supply and demand- an economic theory which states the less avialable a product is, the higher price the product can sell for, and reversely, the more available a product is, the lower the selling price for the product.

supply side economics- economic theory that advocates increased nations supply of goods and services by incouraging private investment and through a large tax cut.

supremacy clause- gives the constitution thelaw of the land.

Supreme Court- the highest court of the land; has the ability to rule an action by the president of the house of Congress Unconstitutional. See the Judiciary Act of 1787 and Marburry v. Madison.

Sussex pledge-pledge by the german government in 1916 after the government sunk the french ship the Sussex. Promised no merchant or passenger vessel would be sunk without warning.

symbolism- Something that stands for something else. For example, the American flag or the roman cross.